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The pandemic’s long shadow

Pema Gyamtsho

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As this news digest reaches you in this first month of 2022 and we while we continue to hope for relief from COVID-19, I’d like to reflect back on all that we were able to accomplish in 2021 despite the limitations. As I reflect back on this year past, I see that the world over, institutions explored new working conditions and many people adopted completely different ways of living. Here at ICIMOD, we embraced the hybrid working environment to ensure the safety of our families, co-workers, and partners. We became better at some things, like organizing webinars and moving training events online, but these are not without their limitations. We witnessed how the development divide reflects starkly in the digital divide and we missed the field work and in-person events that are critically important to our work.

In early spring, we were also dealing with uncontrollable forest fires and high pollution levels across the Himalaya, including in parts of Bhutan, the Indian Himalaya Region, and Nepal. The causes were bone dry conditions, following a particularly dry winter season, which created conditions for one of the worst wildfire seasons in recent memory. Soon after, the monsoon brought heavy rains and floods across the hills and mountains, affecting mountain communities and their livelihoods. The ICIMOD Disaster Task Force responded quickly to two major disasters – the Chamoli and the Melamchi flood events – compiling reports that analysed causes and consequences and the lessons they hold for development planning and disaster risk reduction, particularly the risk of cascading hazards and the need for multihazard risk management. As the UN ESCAP Asia-Pacific Disaster Report 2021 report warns, the convergence of the pandemic with natural hazards, made worse by climate change, has expanded the disaster “riskscape”. To understand and better prepare for future disasters we continue our work on disaster risk reduction, flood early warning systems, and fire mapping and prediction tools.

In June, we welcomed our new Deputy Director General, Izabella Koziell, who brings to the team a great depth and breadth of experience working on research, policy, and development, including on issues critical for our region, like climate change, water, biodiversity loss, and ecosystem degradation. She brought fresh inputs to our preparations for the CBD COP15 and the UNFCCC COP26 meetings, and kick-started preparations on the new ICIMOD Strategy for 2023–2030.

We continue to draw strength and inspiration from our very supportive and committed Board of Governors, ICIMOD Support Group, Programme Advisory Committee, and Finance Committee. Despite the heavy demands on their time, they attended the entire virtual Board Meeting held from 6-10 September to discuss, suggest changes and approve our reports, plans and budget and provide directions on the development of the new strategy. The Board Meeting was highly successful and ended on a very positive note.

We have been engaging in various COP events and processes for over a decade now, focusing on highlighting conservation and development challenges and the aspirations and vulnerabilities of HKH mountain communities. In preparation for COP15 – critically important as it sets direction for the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework – we brought together the CBD focal points from our regional member countries to assess where we stand in terms of biodiversity targets and priorities for the next decade. In preparation for COP26, we brought together the UNFCCC national focal points of our regional member countries, members of the HKH High-Level Task Force, and representatives from the COP26 Presidency. We officially launched our #HKH2Glasgow campaign, amplifying mountain voices for climate action in our region.

At Glasgow, we participated in several key meetings and organized several events at the Cryosphere Pavilion as a part of the Hindu Kush Himalaya Focus Day on 9 November 2021. We were able to make a strong case for ambitious climate action in the HKH, and the Mountains of Opportunity Framework that we presented – which aims to scale up climate-smart investment in six mountain-specific priorities – was strongly supported by the Prime Minister of Nepal and high-level representatives of other regional member countries.

In the last quarter, we invested a great deal of our time in developing the new ICIMOD Strategy 2023–2030. Starting with the Board meeting in September, where we received guidance and inputs from RMC Board members, the ICIMOD Support Group, and the Programme Advisory Committee; the staff consultations in October; and a Strategy Retreat in December, we were able to brainstorm together and consult with partners on the content and strategic direction of our work over the next decade. We are grateful to the Board, ISG and PAC members for responding enthusiastically to our requests for advice and views on the new strategy.

The year ended on a sad note as we mourned the passing of Andreas Schild, our former Director General, who played a significant role in shaping ICIMOD into the organization that is it today. In his honour, we have renamed the ICIMOD Mountain Prize to the Dr Andreas Schild Memorial Mountain Prize. This year’s winners included the Community Homestay Network from Nepal and the Mahila Umang Producers Company from Uttarakhand for their outstanding work and response in building the resilience of HKH communities during the pandemic.

And so, as we reflect on another challenging year gone by, we must think carefully about what a post-COVID future would look like for the Hindu Kush Himalaya. Even after this pandemic curve comes down, as it must, the impacts of the pandemic will linger. The year ahead may or may not bring the curtain down on this crisis, but we enter 2022 better informed and better prepared. It may sound clichéd, but it is well worth repeating that this crisis provides an opportunity for us to pivot away from business as usual and reorient our development pathways to address emerging and systemic challenges, such as climate change, habitat loss, and growing inequality in the region.

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2023年国际山岳日:恢复山地生态系统

山地被广泛认为是生物多样性的发源地,其陡峭的斜坡孕育了各种繁复的生命形式。这些地区作为自然的庇护所变得愈发重要:虽然它们只占据了地球总面积的四分之一,却容纳了地球上85%的两栖动物、鸟类和哺乳动物。这种丰富的自然资源在联合国教科文组织的738个全球生物圈保护区中得到体现,其中明显超过一半位于山区。 然而,令人担忧的是,这些自然资源的非凡丰富正面临威胁。过去,由于偏远或地形困难,山地得以免受人类干扰,但如今这种状况逐渐减少。曾经被视为大自然摇篮和避难所的山地正在逐渐转变成墓地。在兴都库什-喜马拉雅地区,上个世纪就已经失去了70%的生物多样性。这些损失,包括物种的灭绝,如今正以加速度增长,正如ICIMOD的重要评估报告《兴都库什喜马拉雅的水、冰、社会和生态系统》(简称《HIWISE报告》)所指出的那样。 在公众、政治和外交层面,人们越来越认识到自然是我们当前危机中最重要的解决方案之一。联合国已宣布2021-2030年为生态系统恢复十年,去年,《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》的指导下,全球100多个政府承诺在2030年之前将30%的陆地和海洋保留给自然,其中包括兴都库什-喜马拉雅地区。今年,在联合国全球气候大会COP28上,自然首次成为讨论的核心议题。 这些努力,以及今年国际山岳日的“生态系统恢复”主题,为恢复和保护山区景观提供了迫切需要的推动力。那么,我们的八个成员国离实现“30x30”目标有多近呢?到目前为止,不丹是唯一一个实际超额达标的国家,其51.4%的土地面积已经属于各种保护区类别。 尼泊尔只有不到24%的土地受到保护;中国仅为16%,略高于目标的一半;巴基斯坦占12%;印度为8%;缅甸为7%;孟加拉国为5%,阿富汗为4%。 令人担忧的是,在整个兴都库什-喜马拉雅地区,自然资源仍然丰富的关键区域仍处在保护之外:67%的生态区、39%的生物多样性热点、69%的关键生物多样性区域以及76%的重要鸟类和生物多样性区都没有得到保护。 现有的保护区域犹如在人类改变过的景观中的“孤岛”,缺乏与其他保护区域的连通走廊,无法满足广泛分布的物种需求,并且面临非法捕猎、侵占和资源开采的压力。现有的保护区域不足以确保成功保护我们地区的象征性物种,包括亚洲象、独角犀牛和孟加拉虎。 一个尚未尝试的解决方案是建立跨界生物圈保护区,这将允许在景观层面进行综合保护。实现这一目标需要跨越国家边界的共同政治承诺,并在共享生态系统的管理方面展开合作。ICIMOD将积极推动我们区域成员国接受这一解决方案。 然而,底线是,要扭转自然的损失,我们必须对其进行估值并提供相应的资金支持。只要经济学家继续将其价值定为零,就不会引起足够的重视。在进行估值之前,拥有大量自然资本但经济欠发达的国家将因为缺乏3A信用评级而难以以较低贷款利率借款。必须为该地区的国家提供更便宜的资本来促使自然的恢复:这是ICIMOD将与我们的成员、多边开发银行和其他机构紧急合作推进的事项。为了防止地球系统完全崩溃,我们必须为大自然提供一个适宜的生存环境,这一观点从未像现在这样显而易见。

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在兴都库什-喜马拉雅,全民早期预警尚需更及时的实现

由气候驱动的风暴、洪水、热浪和干旱的经济代价首次被计算出来,即在过去20年中,人类付出的代价已达到1600万美元/小时。其中,三分之二的费用是由于生命损失,剩下的则是因为财产和其他资产损失。 而这不仅是兴都库什-喜马拉雅的统计数据。今年,在我们整个地区,气候灾害给许多家庭来了难以承受的损失:数百人丧生,更多的房屋、农作物和财产在毁灭性的洪水和山体滑坡中被毁。最近,上周锡金蒂斯塔河(Teesta river)爆发冰川湖溃决洪水,这清楚地提醒了人类,大自然的愤怒是无止境的。 今年的国际减灾日与我们区域内的家庭、科学家和政策制定者共同评估了季风和全球升温给人类和经济带来的沉重代价,恰逢其时。 展望未来,气候驱动的灾难将激增。联合国减少灾害风险办公室(UNDRR)预计,到2030年,我们每年将看到560起灾难,使3760万人陷入极端贫困。 科学表明,我们处在风险热点地区。不仅与极端降雨和冰冻圈变化相关,还有热浪、干旱和空气污染。因此,在计算这次季风事件的成本时,我们所有为该地区及其居民服务的人都有责任以更高的速度和更强的雄心,将科学、政策和行动联系起来,实现让所有人都能得到早期预警的目标。 我们急需捐助者深入了解该地区居民所面临的风险,无论是从危险量级和程度来看,还是从受影响的人口规模来看。我们迫切需要适应基金、绿色气候基金和儿童投资融资基金更快地分配到该地区,以及加强补偿机制的运作。 在ICIMOD,我们将在全球范围内倡导双方,还将在整个地区努力建立一种围绕防灾和数据共享文化;对政策制定者进行差异和关键行动领域的教育;为社区配备创新及可行的技术,并扩大以社区为基础的洪水预警系统。 我们所在地区的情况表明,全球范围内面临的灾害存在着巨大的不平等。我们的研究发现,当危机来临时,妇女和弱势群体受到的影响尤为严重。 为了消除这种不平等,我们郑重承诺通过整合工具、知识和资金,确保该地区居民能够有效抵御未来的冲击,并将妇女和弱势群体纳入我们战略的核心。对于兴都库什-喜马拉雅的国家而言,全民早期预警尚需更及时的实现。   白马·嘉措 总干事

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